Search result: Catalogue data in Autumn Semester 2023
Earth Sciences Master  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Major in Geology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compulsory Module in Analytical Methods in Earth Sciences Students have to complete 6 credits in part A, and 6 credits in part B. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Part A: Microscopy Courses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number | Title | Type | ECTS | Hours | Lecturers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 651-4045-00L | Microscopy of Metamorphic Rocks  | W+ | 2 credits | 2G | A. Galli | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Repetition of methods using optic properties of crystals and the polarising microscope. Identification of minerals and metamorphic parageneses. Description and interpretation of microstructures. Age relationship of crystallisation and deformation. Estimation of metamorphic grade. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | - Advanced knowledge in optical mineralogy - Application of methods to determine minerals in thin sections - Identification and characterisation of metamorphic minerals - Description of rocks. Derive correct petrographic rock name, based on modal abundance and microstructure/texture - Interpretation of rock fabric/microstructure, parageneses and mineral reactions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | - Repetition of principal optical properties and of microscopic methods to identify minerals. Emphasis on interpretation of interference figures. - Study typical metamorphic rocks in thin sections - Description and interpretation of parageneses and texture/microstructures. Study the age relationship of crystallisation and deformation. - Estimation of metamorphic grade - Quantification: To determine volume percentage of rock components - Scientific documentation: Descriptions, drawings, photomicrography using different kinds of illumination and using plane- or circular-polarised light. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | handouts with additional information on theory and for exercises, in English. To brush up knowledge in optical mineralogy read the relevant chapters in the book of W.D. Nesse (2004). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | - Nesse, W.D.: Introduction to optical mineralogy. 3. Ed. (2004). Figures from this book will be used in lectures. Besides the theory, this book describes all optical properties of important minerals. Petrographers working on varying types of silicate rocks should have a look at this book. -Yardley, B.W.D., Mackenzie, W.S. und Guilford, C. (1990): Atlas of metamorphic rocks and their textures. Longman Scientific. With nice pictures. Also available in the D-ERDW library, NO building, on D-floor. - Vernon, R.H. (2004): A practical guide to rock microstructures. Cambridge Univ. Press. 594 pages. Includes color photos and a glossary. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | Number of participants 24. Participants should have basic knowledge in crystallography, mineralogy and petrology, and have taken practical courses in microscopy of thin sections, as well as lectures in metamorphic petrology and structural geology! Other microscopy courses at department D-ERDW are on: - magmatic rocks, following this course in second half of semester (P. Ulmer, IGP; Inst. for Geochemistry and Petrology) - sedimentary rocks (Geol. Institute) - ore minerals (reflected light microscopy, Th. Driesner, IGP) - microstructures, deformed rocks (Geol. Institute) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 651-4047-00L | Microscopy of Magmatic Rocks | W+ | 2 credits | 2G | R.‑G. Popa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | This course provides practical knowledge in magmatic microscopy. It includes the identification of common igneous minerals in thin section and in crystal separates, but also aims at providing a deeper understanding of mineral equilibrium assemblages and disequilibrium textures. These are useful skills in studying magmatic processes and reconstructing igneous conditions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | The main objectives are to acquire expertise in: (1) Optical determination of minerals in igneous rocks; (2) Identification of igneous rocks and their emplacement history based on mineralogy, structure and texture; (3) Identifying the igneous processes that are revealed by the rock record, and understanding how to use the minerals to reconstruct magma chamber physical-chemical conditions; (4) Application of phase diagrams to natural rocks. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | In this class, we’ll look together at how to identify plutonic and volcanic rocks and at what their minerals and textures can tell us about the igneous conditions and styles of eruption. We’ll follow different magmatic lines of descent to understand the evolution of magmas formed in different conditions and tectonic settings, focusing on the tholeiitic, calc-alkaline and alkaline series. We’ll look at how magmatic conditions affect the order of crystallization and the chemistry of minerals, and how we can use this knowledge to reconstruct magmatic processes. We’ll learn about equilibrium assemblages, which allow us to see which minerals grew together and record the same magmatic conditions (this is key for petrology and mineral geochemistry), but we’ll also learn to interpret disequilibrium textures, which relate to processes commonly responsible for volcanic eruptions. The plan is to equip the participants of the course with a basic understanding of what we need to look for in the mineral and textural record of igneous rocks, of how to identify those features and how to use them correctly when studying magmatic systems. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | For the optical determination of (igneous) minerals using the polarizing microscope, the tables of Tröger ('Optische Bestimmung der gesteinsbildenden Minerale', Optical determination of rock-forming minerals, 1982) are particularly useful. These are available in sufficient number in the class room. Additional notes will be distributed during the lectures. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | During the class, we’ll provide or suggest key papers to read. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | This class requires basic knowledge of optical mineralogy and the use of the polarizing microscope, which is taught in the previous class: ‘Microscopy of metamorphic rocks’ (A. Galli). For external students, an equivalent course is required to follow this practical course. Delivering 3 acceptably solved homework assignments results in an increase of the final grade by 0.25 (in other words, we give goodies). Other microscope courses taught at ETH Zürich at the D-ERDW are: Basics of optical mineralogy and petrography (M.W. Schmidt, BSc-course in German) Microscopy of metamorphic rocks (A. Galli, prerequisite for this course) Sedimentary petrography and microscopy (V. Picotti & M.G. Fellin) Reflected Light Microscopy and Ore Deposits Practical (T. Driesner) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Competencies |
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| 651-4051-00L | Reflected Light Microscopy and Ore Deposits Practical | W+ | 2 credits | 2P | T. Driesner | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Introduction to reflected light microscopy. Use of the microscope. Identification of opaque minerals through the use of determination tables. Description of textures and paragenetic sequences. Taking the course in parallel with Ore Deposits I (651-4037-00L) is recommended but not mandatory. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | Recognition of the most important ore minerals in polished section, interpretation of ore mineral textures from important ore deposit types (of hydrothermal, magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic origin) in geological context. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | Introduction to reflected light microscopy as a petrographic technique. Leaning main diagnostic criteria. Study of a small selection of important and characteristic ore minerals. Interpreting polished (thin) sections from the most important ore deposit types. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | Lecture ppt's and determination tables are handed out in class | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | Spry, P.G., Gedlinske, B.L. (1987) Tables for the determination of common opaque minerals. Econ. Geol. Publishing Company, New Haven, 52 pp. (Hands on table book with optical and other properties of most important ore minerals in reflected light. Reprints can be still obtained from the SEG online bookstore. Copies of this book will be used in the course throughout.) Craig, J.R., Vaughan, D.J. (1994) Ore microscopy and ore petrography. Second edition, John Wiley Publisher, New York, 434 pp. Good graduate level introductory textbook, covers principles of reflected-light microscopy, interpretation of ore textures and most common ore mineral assemblages. Still available. --- Baumann, L. and Leeder, O. (1991) Einführung in die Auflichtmikroskopie. Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 408 pp. (in german). (Good german equivalent of the Craig & Vaughan book.) Cabri, L.J., Vaughan, D.J. (1998) Modern approaches to ore and environmental mineralogy. Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series, v. 27, 421 pp. (Advances series of papers linking classical microscopical techniques with modern state-of-the-art microanalytical approaches (LA-ICP-MS, SIMS, PIXE etc.)) Mücke, A. (1989) Anleitung zur Erzmikroskopie. Enke, Stuttgart, 187 pp. (in german) (The technical part is a good german equivalent of Craigh & Vaughan while the sections on textures and their interpretation is much less systematic.) Ramdohr, P. (1980) The ore minerals and their intergrowths. Vols. 1 and 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1207 pp. (Largest monograph about ore minerals and their textures, excellent reference book for assemblages and textures, but not useful for determination of common and typical minerals, interpretation of textures often outdated. Only available in the library.) Pracejus, B. (2008) The ore minerals under the microscope. An optical guide. Atlases in Geosciences 3, Elsevier, 875 pp. (Comprehensive collection of photomicrographs of ore minerals in reflected light. Not very helpful for determination purposes but instructive for comparison with own samples.) Uytebogaart, W., Burke, E.A.J. (1971) Tables for microscopic identification of ore minerals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 430 pp. (Extensive and well organized tables for practical determination of common and less abundant ore minerals. Only available in the library.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | Credits and mark based onan independent description of one selected polished section at the end of the course | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 651-4113-00L | Sedimentary Petrography and Microscopy | W+ | 2 credits | 2G | V. Picotti, M. G. Fellin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Microscopy of carbonate (1st half of semester) and sliciclastic rocks (2nd half) rocks as well as siliceous, phosphatic and evaporitic sediements. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | Description of grains and cement/matrix, texture, classification of the main sedimentary rocks. Discussion and interpretation of the environment of sedimentation. Diagenetic Processes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | Microscopy of carbonate and siliciclastic rocks, siliceous and phosphatic rocks, their origin and classification. Diagenesis. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | English textbooks recommended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | Tucker, M.E. (2001): Sedimentary Petrology-An introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, 3rd Editition. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, 262 p. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | The earlier attendance of other MSc microscopy courses (e.g. magmatic and metamorphic rocks) is not required if during the BSc a general course on microscopy of rocks was completed. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Part B: Methods | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number | Title | Type | ECTS | Hours | Lecturers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 651-4055-00L | Analytical Methods in Petrology and Geology | W+ | 3 credits | 2G | J. Allaz, S. Bernasconi, M. Guillong, L. Zehnder | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Practical work in analytical chemistry for Earth science students. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | Knowledge of some analytical methods used in Earth sciences, introduction to data interpretation, writing of a scientific report. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | Introduction to analytical geochemistry and atom physics, notably: - X-ray diffraction (XRD), - X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), - Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), - Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS), - Mass spectroscopy for light isotopes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | Short handouts for each analytical method. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 651-4117-00L | Sediment Analysis Prerequisite: Successful completion of the MSc-course "Sedimentology I" (651-4041-00L). | W+ | 3 credits | 2G | M. G. Fellin, A. Gilli, V. Picotti | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Theoretical background and application of some basic methods for sediment analysis. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | The main goal is to learn how to apply the analysis of the texture and grain-size of sediments to constrain the sedimentary processes and environments. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | A one-day fieldtrip to a local outcrop to learn how to describe sediments in the field and to collect samples for grain-size and compositional analysis. Application of the same analytical techniques on samples of unknown origin: the sampling sites will be revealed at the end of the course. Discussion of the theoretical background and of the results in class. At the end of the course, the student will have to hand in a report with the presentation and discussion of all the data produced during the course. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | For the various analytical methods English texts will be provided in class. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | Introduction to clastic sedimentology. R.J. Cheel, Brock University | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | Prerequisite: Successful completion of the MSc-course "Sedimentology I" (651-4041-00L). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 651-0046-00L | Electron Microscopy Course (SEM and EPMA) | W+ | 3 credits | 3G | J. Allaz, L. Grafulha Morales | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | Theory and lab demo of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) applied to geological materials: introduction to the instruments, interaction of electron with matter, electron imaging (SE, BSE, CL), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), X-ray analysis for the chemical characterisation of solid material at the micron-scale. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | Understand how the instrument works, why it is used, and how the different signals are being generated and analysed. Ability to treat and to present analytical results, such as calculating a mineral formula from a mineral analysis. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | Physical principles of electron microscopy: electron optics, interaction of electrons with matter, production of X-rays, interaction of X-rays with matter, X-rays detection and analysis. The second part of the course includes several demonstrations on various SEMs (at ERDW and ScopeM) and one EPMA at DERDW. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | Script will be provided, along with copies of the course presentations. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | [HIGHLY recommended] - Goldstein, J.I. et al., (2003, third ed.): Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4615-0215-9 [Additional references] - Reed, S.J.B. (2005, second ed.): Electron Microprobe Analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy in Geology. - Reed S.J.B. (1993, second ed.): Electron Microprobe Analysis - Anderson, C.A. (1973): Microprobe Analysis. Wiley & Sons, New York. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | No prerequisite required beside basic knowledge of petrology and mineralogy. Attending the "Analytical Methods in Geology and Petrology" prior to this course is an advantage. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 651-4063-00L | X-Ray Powder Diffraction | W+ | 3 credits | 2G | M. Plötze | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Abstract | In the course the students learn to measure X-ray diffraction patterns of minerals and to evaluate these using different software for qualitative and quantitative mineral composition as well as crystallographic parameters. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Learning objective | Upon successful completion of this course students are able to: - describe the principle of X-ray diffraction analysis - carry out a qualitative and quantitative mineralogical analysis independently, - critically assess the data, - communicate the results in a scientific report. The competencies of system understanding, concept development, and measurement methods are taught and examined. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Content | Fundamental principles of X-ray diffraction Setup and operation of X-ray diffractometers Interpretation of powder diffraction data Qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of crystalline powders (e.g. with Rietveld analysis) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lecture notes | Selected handouts will be made available in the lecture | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literature | BRINDLEY G.W. and BROWN G. (ed) Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification. London : Mineralogical Society monograph no. 5 (1984) (Link) DINNEBIER, R.E. et al.: Powder Diffraction. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2008. (http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/eBook/978-0-85404-231-9) PECHARSKY, V.K. and ZAVALIJ, P.Y: Fundamentals of Powder Diffraction and Structural Characterization of Materials. Springer, 2009. (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-09579-0?page=2#toc) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prerequisites / Notice | The course includes a high portion of practical exercises in sample preparation as well as measurement and evaluation of X-ray powder diffraction data. Own sample will be analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Knowledge in mineralogy of this system is essential. Software will be provided for future use on own Laptop. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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