Search result: Catalogue data in Spring Semester 2021

Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
Mechanical Engineering Bachelor
2. Semester
First Year Examinations: Compulsory Courses
401-0262-G0L	Analysis II	O	8 credits	5V + 3U	A. Cannas da Silva, U. Lang
Abstract	Differential and integral calculus for functions of one and several variables; vector analysis; ordinary differential equations of first and of higher order, systems of ordinary differential equations; power series. For each of these topics many examples from mechanics, physics and other areas.
Objective	Introduction to the mathematical foundations of engineering sciences, as far as concerning differential and integral calculus.
Content	Differential- und Integralrechnung von Funktionen einer und mehrerer Variablen; Vektoranalysis; gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen erster und höherer Ordnung, Differentialgleichungssysteme; Potenzreihen. In jedem Teilbereich eine grosse Anzahl von Anwendungsbeispielen aus Mechanik, Physik und anderen Lehrgebieten des Ingenieurstudiums.
Lecture notes	U. Stammbach: Analysis I/II
Prerequisites / Notice	The exercises and online quizzes are an integral part of this course.
401-0172-00L	Linear Algebra II	O	3 credits	2V + 1U	N. Hungerbühler
Abstract	This course is the continuation of the course Linear algebra I. Linear algebra is an indispensable tool of engineering mathematics. The course offers an introduction into the theory with many applications. The new notions are practised in the accompanying exercise classes.
Objective	Upon completion of this course, students will be able to recognize linear structures, and to solve corresponding problems in theory and in practice.
Content	Linear maps, kernel and image, coordinates and matrices, coordinate transformations, norm of a matrix, orthogonal matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, algebraic and geometric multiplicity, eigenbasis, diagonalizable matrices, symmetric matrices, orthonormal basis, condition number, linear differential equations, Jordan decomposition, singular value decomposition, examples in MATLAB, applications.
Literature	* K. Nipp / D. Stoffer, Lineare Algebra, vdf Hochschulverlag, 5. Auflage 2002 * K. Meyberg / P. Vachenauer, Höhere Mathematik 2, Springer 2003
151-0502-00L	Mechanics 2: Deformable Solids and Structures Prerequisite: 151-0501-00L Mechanics 1: Kinematics and Statics This course is only for students of Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Human Movement Sciences. Students in Human Movement Sciences and Sport must enrol in "Mechanics 1" and "Mechanics 2" as a two-semester course.	O	6 credits	4V + 2U	D. Mohr
Abstract	Stress tensor, deformations, linear elastic solids, bending of prismatic beams, numerical methods, bending, torsion, plastic work and deformation energy, energy methods, buckling.
Objective	For the mechanical design of systems, knowledge about basic concepts of continuum mechanics are indispensable. These include mechanical stress, deformations, etc. which are demonstrated on simple examples resulting in an understanding which is both mathematically correct and intuitive. In this course students learn the basic concepts of the mechanics of deformable media that they will later apply in other courses such as Dimensioning which are closer to real engineering applications.
Content	Spannungstensor, Verzerrungen, linearelastische Körper, spezielle Biegung prismatischer Balken, numerische Methoden, allgemeinere Biegeprobleme, Torsion, Arbeit und Deformationsenergie, Energiesätze und -verfahren, Knickung.
Literature	Mahir B. Sayir, Jürg Dual, Stephan Kaufmann Ingenieurmechanik 2: Deformierbare Körper, Teubner Verlag
151-0712-00L	Engineering Materials and Production II	O	4 credits	3V + 1U	K. Wegener
Abstract	Knowledge about the properties and application area of metals. Understanding the fundamentals of high polymers and ceramics for engineers that can be confronted with material decisions in construction and production.
Objective	Knowledge about the properties and application area of metals. Understanding the fundamentals of high polymers and ceramics for engineers that can be confronted with material decisions in construction and production.
Content	The lecture contains two parts: For metallic materials fatigue and heat treatment will be discussed. Physical properties such as thermal, electric and magnetic properties will be examined. Important iron- and non-iron- alloys will be introduced and their cases of applications will be discussed. In the second part of the lecture the structure and the properties of the high polymers and ceramics will be discussed. Important subareas are the crystalline and non-crystalline materials and the porous solid bodies, the thermal- mechanical engineering material behaviour, as well as the probabilistic fracture mechanics. Beside the mechanic- the physical-properties will be also discussed. Engineering material related fundamentals of the productions engineering will be discussed.
Lecture notes	yes
Prerequisites / Notice	Prerequisite: Lecture “"Engineering Materials and Production I"” Examination: Session examination; Written examination in Engineering Materials and Production I. and II.; Allowed resources: Scripts Engineering Materials and Production I and II, pocket calculator, No laptop nor mobile phone; Duration: 2 Hours. Repetition only in the examination session after FS
151-0302-00L	Innovation Process	O	2 credits	1V + 1U	M. Meboldt, Q. Lohmeyer
Abstract	The lecture focuses on the basics of agile product development, in which development processes are structured in the form of several short sprints. The lecture deepens the relevant technical and methodological knowledge for the implementation of the characteristic core activities: Design, Build, Test.
Objective	Students understand the concept of agile product development and know the most important elements for planning and executing a sprint. They know individual methods for finding and selecting solutions and can apply basic methods for risk and cost analysis. Students are also able to calculate drives and mechanisms for different operating conditions.
Content	- Agile product development - Creativity and selection methods - Mechanical mechanisms - Electric motors - Design principles - Risk and cost analysis - Prototyping and testing - Market and innovation
Lecture notes	Lecture slides are distributed via Ilias.
Prerequisites / Notice	For Bachelor studies in Mechanical and Process Engineering the lecture "Maschinenelemente" (HS) is examined together with "Innovationsprozess" (FS).
252-0832-00L	Computer Science	O	4 credits	2V + 2U	R. Sasse, M. Schwerhoff
Abstract	The course covers the fundamental concepts of computer programming with a focus on systematic algorithmic problem solving. Taught language is C++. No programming experience is required.
Objective	Primary educational objective is to learn programming with C++. When successfully attended the course, students have a good command of the mechanisms to construct a program. They know the fundamental control and data structures and understand how an algorithmic problem is mapped to a computer program. They have an idea of what happens "behind the scenes" when a program is translated and executed. Secondary goals are an algorithmic computational thinking, understanding the possibilities and limits of programming and to impart the way of thinking of a computer scientist.
Content	The course covers fundamental data types, expressions and statements, (Limits of) computer arithmetic, control statements, functions, arrays, structural types and pointers. The part on object orientation deals with classes, inheritance and polymorphy, simple dynamic data types are introduced as examples. In general, the concepts provided in the course are motivated and illustrated with algorithms and applications.
Lecture notes	A script written in English will be provided during the semester. The script and slides will be made available for download on the course web page.
Literature	Bjarne Stroustrup: Einführung in die Programmierung mit C++, Pearson Studium, 2010 Stephen Prata, C++ Primer Plus, Sixth Edition, Addison Wesley, 2012 Andrew Koenig and Barbara E. Moo: Accelerated C++, Addison-Wesley, 2000.

Additional First Year Courses
Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
151-0300-00L	Innovation Project	O	2 credits	2U	M. Meboldt
Abstract	The students are going through a product development process starting with the first idea to the functional product. The participants will learn to work on a complex development task in a team (4-5 pers.), to structure a given problem, to generate and evaluate ideas as well as the design and realization of the product with subsequent verification.
Objective	The students learn and experience the principles of product development. In addition to acquiring development methodical responsibilities, the main focus is on working together as a team. The participants are taught how to structure a complex development objective and how to achieve this objective in team work. In the end, the students will master the basics of development processes and development methodical tools.
Prerequisites / Notice	Successfull completion of the project is mandatory for lecture certificate.

Engineering Tools The Engineering Tools courses are for MAVT Bachelor’s degree students only.
Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
252-0861-00L	Engineering Tool: Introduction to C++ Programming The Engineering Tool-courses are for MAVT Bachelor’s degree students only.	O	0.4 credits	1K	R. Sasse
Abstract	The event provides an introduction to programming in C++ by means of an interactive tutorial.
Objective	Build up an understanding of basic concepts of imperative programming. Reading and writing of first simple programs.
Content	In this course we will gently introduce you to the basics of computer programming. To program a computer means to give it a sequence of commands (a computer program) so that it exactly does what you want it to do.
Prerequisites / Notice	Belegung der Lerneinheit nur möglich, wenn das Programmierprojekt bearbeitet und abgegeben wird. Wird im Falle einer Belegung das Programmierprojekt nicht abgegeben, so wird die Lerneinheit als nicht bestanden bewertet («Abbruch»).

4. Semester
Compulsory Courses
Examination Block 2
Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
402-0034-10L	Physics II	O	4 credits	2V + 2U	W. Wegscheider
Abstract	This is a two-semester course introducing students into the foundations of Modern Physics. Topics include electricity and magnetism, light, waves, quantum physics, solid state physics, and semiconductors. Selected topics with important applications in industry will also be considered.
Objective	The lecture is intended to promote critical, scientific thinking. Key concepts of Physics will be acquired, with a focus on technically relevant applications. At the end of the two semesters, students will have a good overview over the topics of classical and modern Physics.
Content	Introduction into Quantum Physics, Absorption and Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation, Basics of Solid State Physics, Semiconductors
Lecture notes	Lecture notes will be available in German.
Literature	Paul A. Tipler, Gene Mosca, Michael Basler und Renate Dohmen Physik: für Wissenschaftler und Ingenieure Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2009, 1636 Seiten, ca. 80 Euro. Paul A. Tipler, Ralph A. Llewellyn Moderne Physik Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2009, 982 Seiten, ca. 75 Euro.
Prerequisites / Notice	No testat requirements for this lecture.
227-0075-00L	Electrical Engineering I	O	3 credits	2V + 2U	J. Leuthold
Abstract	Basic course in electrical engineering with the following topics: Concepts of voltage and currents; Analyses of dc and ac networks; Series and parallel resistive circuits, circuits including capacitors and inductors; Kirchhoff's laws and other network theorems; Transient responses; Basics of electrical and magnetic fields;
Objective	Understanding of the basic concepts in electrical engineering with focus on network theory. The successful student knows the basic components of electrical circuits and the network theorems after attending the course.
Content	Diese Vorlesung vermittelt Grundlagenkenntnisse im Fachgebiet Elektrotechnik. Ausgehend von den grundlegenden Konzepten der Spannung und des Stroms wird die Analyse von Netzwerken bei Gleich- und Wechselstrom behandelt. Dabie werden folgende Themen behandelt: Kapitel 1 Das elektrostatische Feld Kapitel 2 Das stationäre elektrische Strömungsfeld Kapitel 3 Einfache elektrische Netzwerke Kapitel 4 Halbleiterbauelemente (Dioden, der Transistor) Kapitel 5 Das stationäre Magnetfeld Kapitel 6 Das zeitlich veränderliche elektromagnetische Feld Kapitel 7 Der Übergang zu den zeitabhängigen Strom- und Spannungsformen Kapitel 8 Wechselspannung und Wechselstrom
Lecture notes	Die Vorlesungsfolien werden auf Moodle bereitgestellt. Als ausführliches Skript wird das Buch "Manfred Albach. Elektrotechnik, Person Verlag, Ausgabe vom 1.8.2011" empfohlen.
Literature	Für das weitergehende Studium werden in der Vorlesung verschiedene Bücher vorgestellt.
151-0102-00L	Fluid Dynamics I	O	6 credits	4V + 2U	T. Rösgen
Abstract	An introduction to the physical and mathematical foundations of fluid dynamics is given. Topics include dimensional analysis, integral and differential conservation laws, inviscid and viscous flows, Navier-Stokes equations, boundary layers, turbulent pipe flow. Elementary solutions and examples are presented.
Objective	An introduction to the physical and mathematical principles of fluid dynamics. Fundamental terminology/principles and their application to simple problems.
Content	Phenomena, applications, foundations dimensional analysis and similitude; kinematic description; conservation laws (mass, momentum, energy), integral and differential formulation; inviscid flows: Euler equations, stream filament theory, Bernoulli equation; viscous flows: Navier-Stokes equations; boundary layers; turbulence
Lecture notes	Lecture notes (extended formulary) for the course are made available electronically.
Literature	Recommended book: Fluid Mechanics, Kundu & Cohen & Dowling, 6th ed., Academic Press / Elsevier (2015).
Prerequisites / Notice	Voraussetzungen: Physik, Analysis
151-0052-00L	Thermodynamics II	O	4 credits	2V + 2U	N. Noiray, D. Poulikakos
Abstract	Introduction to thermodynamics of reactive systems and to the fundamentals of heat transfer.
Objective	Introduction to the theory and to the fundamentals of the technical thermodynamics. Main focus: Chemical thermodynamics and heat transfer
Content	1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics for chemically reactive systems, chemical exergy, fuel cells and kinetic gas theory. General mechanisms of heat transfer. Introduction to heat conductivity. Stationary 1-D and 2-D heat conduction. Instationary conduction. Convection. Forced convection - flow around and through bodies. Natural convection. Evaporation (boiling) and condensation. Heat radiation. Combined heat transfer.
Lecture notes	Slides and lecture notes in German.
Literature	F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, T.L. Bergman, and A.S. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, 6th edition, 2006. M.J. Moran, H.N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

Electives
Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
151-0304-00L	Engineering Design II	W	4 credits	4G	K. Wegener
Abstract	Dimensioning (strength calculation) of machine parts, shaft - hub - connections, welded and brazed joints, springs, screws, roller and slide bearings, transmissions, gears, clutch and brake as well as their practical applications.
Objective	The students extend in that course their knowledge on the correct application of machine parts and machine elements including dimensioning. Focus is laid on the acquisition of competency to solve technical problems and judge technical solutions and to correctly apply their knowledge according to operation conditions, functionality and strength calculations.
Content	Machine parts as shaft - hub - connections, welded and brazed joints, springs, screws, roller and slide bearings, transmissions, gears, clutch and brake are discussed. The course covers for all the machine elements their functionality, their application and limits of applicability and the dimensioning is as well as their practical applications. Exercises show the solution of practical problems. Partly practical problems are solved by the students for their own.
Lecture notes	Script exists. Price: SFr. 40.-
Prerequisites / Notice	Prerequisites: Basics in design and product development Dimensioning 1 Credit-conditions / examination: Partly practical problems are solved by the students for their own. The examination will be in the following examination session. Credits are given after passing the examination.
151-0431-00L	Models, Algorithms and Data: Introduction to Computing	W	4 credits	2V + 1U	J. H. Walther, G. Arampatzis
Abstract	Fundamental Computational Methods for data analysis, modeling and simulation relevant to Engineering applications. The course emphasizes the implementation of these methods in Python with application examples drawn from Engineering applications
Objective	The course aims to introduce Engineering students to fundamentals of Interpolation, Solution of non-linear equations, Filtering and Numerical Integration as well as the use of novel methods such as Machine Learning and Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification. The course aims to integrate numerical methods with enhancing the students' programming skills.
Lecture notes	https://www.cse-lab.ethz.ch/teaching/mad_fs21/ Lecture Notes
Literature	1. Introduction to Applied Mathematics, G. Strang 2. Analysis of Numerical Methods, Isaacson and Keller
Prerequisites / Notice	A course on the interface of classical (first principle) and Data driven models in computing. Fundamental algorithms for inference, approximation and optimisation. Bridging the gap of Computational and Data sciences.
151-0590-00L	Control Systems II	W	4 credits	2V + 2U	L. Guzzella
Abstract	For SISO systems: Controller design (PID, cascades, predictors, numerical methods), compensation of nonlinearities, controller realization. For MIMO systems: Design of state feedback controllers, state observers and observer-based controllers in time domain, in particular LQR and LQG approaches. Robustness analysis and approaches for robustness recovery. Controller design in frequency domain.
Objective	Part I: The students are able to design and implement effective SISO controllers and to compensate the most important nonlinearities. Part II: The students understand the differences between SISO and MIMO control systems and can apply the most important analysis and synthesis methods for MIMO control loops.
Content	Part I: More effective design methods for SISO controllers (PID, cascaded control loops, predictors, numerical methods). Compensation of the most important nonlinearities. Controller realization with analog and digital elements. Part II: Extension of the basic SISO ideas (time and frequency domain, controllability, observability, eigenvalues, poles, zeros, frequency response, etc.) to MIMO systems. Design of state feedback controllers in time domain, in particular LQR approaches. Design of state observers and observer-based controllers with state feedback, in particular LQG approaches. Robustness analysis for MIMO control loops and approaches to increase robustness. Outlook to controller design in frequency domain. Several case studies.
Lecture notes	Script for Control Systems II. Parts from Analysis and Synthesis of Single-Input Single-Output Control Systems, Lino Guzzella, vdf Hochschulverlag. In addition, the slides of the lecture will be made available online.
Literature	- Analysis and Synthesis of Single-Input Single-Output Control Systems, Lino Guzzella, vdf Hochschulverlag. - S. Skogestad and I. Postlethwaite. Multivariable Feedback Control, Analysis and design, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons. - K. Zhou with J. C. Doyle. Essentials of Robust Control. Prentice Hall. - Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers Karl J. Åström and Richard M. Murray
Prerequisites / Notice	Knowledge of the classical control theory (e.g. from the "151-0591-00 - Control Systems I" course).
151-0700-00L	Manufacturing	W	4 credits	2V + 2U	K. Wegener
Abstract	Fundamental terms of productions engineering, plastic deformation, machining, Lasermachining, Mechatronic in the productions machine construction, Quality assurance, Process chain planning.
Objective	- Knowledge of principal terms of manufacturing engineering - Basic knowledge of some processes, their mode of operation and design (forming, separative processes, Laser technics) - Knowledge of product defining properties and limitations of applications - In competition of processes make the right decisions - Procedure for process chain planning - Basic knowledge for quality assurance
Content	Explanation of basic principles of manufacturing technics and insight into the functionality of a manufacturing shop. Plastic deformation- and separative- manufacturing processes, as well as laser machining (welding and cutting), and their layouts, product defining properties and limitations of applications such as the associated workshop facilities, will be introduced in different details. Further basic principles of the industrial measurement technique and mechatronics concepts in machine tool construction will be discussed.
Lecture notes	Yes
Literature	Herbert Fritz, Günter Schulze (Hrsg.) Fertigungstechnik. 6. Aufl. Springer Verlag 2003
Prerequisites / Notice	An excursion to one or two manufacturing engineering plant is planned.
151-0966-00L	Introduction to Quantum Mechanics for Engineers	W	4 credits	2V + 2U	D. J. Norris
Abstract	This course provides fundamental knowledge in the principles of quantum mechanics and connects it to applications in engineering.
Objective	To work effectively in many areas of modern engineering, such as renewable energy and nanotechnology, students must possess a basic understanding of quantum mechanics. The aim of this course is to provide this knowledge while making connections to applications of relevancy to engineers. After completing this course, students will understand the basic postulates of quantum mechanics and be able to apply mathematical methods for solving various problems including atoms, molecules, and solids. Additional examples from engineering disciplines will also be integrated.
Content	Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics - Historical Perspective - Schrödinger Equation - Postulates of Quantum Mechanics - Operators - Harmonic Oscillator - Hydrogen atom - Multielectron Atoms - Crystalline Systems - Spectroscopy - Approximation Methods - Applications in Engineering
Lecture notes	Class Notes and Handouts
Literature	Text: David J. Griffiths and Darrell F. Schroeter, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press.
Prerequisites / Notice	Analysis III, Mechanics III, Physics I, Linear Algebra II
327-3002-00L	Materials for Mechanical Engineers	W	4 credits	2V + 1U	R. Spolenak, A. R. Studart, R. Style
Abstract	This course provides a basic foundation in materials science for mechanical engineers. Students learns how to select the right material for the application at hand. In addition, the appropriate processing-microstructure-property relationship will lead to the fundamental understanding of concepts that determines the mechanical and functional properties.
Objective	At the end of the course, the student will able to: • choose the appropriate material for mechanical engineering applications • find the optimal compromise between materials property, cost and ecological impact • understand the most important concepts that allow for the tuning of mechanical and functional properties of materials
Content	Block A: Materials Selection • Principles of Materials Selection • Introduction to the Cambridge Engineering Selector • Cost optimization and penalty functions • Ecoselection Block B: Mechanical properties across materials classes • Young's modulus from 1 Pa to 1 TPa • Failure: yield strength, toughness, fracture toughness, and fracture energy • Strategies to toughen materials from gels to metals. Block C: Structural Light Weight Materials • Aluminum and magnesium alloys • Engineering and fiber-reinforced polymers Block D: Structural Materials in the Body • Strength, stiffness and wear resistance • Processing, structure and properties of load-bearing implants Block E: Structural High Temperature Materials • Superalloys and refractory metals • Structural high-temperature ceramics Block F: Materials for Sensors • Semiconductors • Piezoelectrica Block G: Dissipative dynamics and bonding • Frequency dependent materials properties (from rheology of soft materials to vibration damping in structural materials) • Adhesion energy and contact mechanics • Peeling and delamination Block H: Materials for 3D Printing • Deposition methods and their consequences for materials (deposition by sintering, direct ink writing, fused deposition modeling, stereolithography) • Additive manufacturing of structural and active Materials
Literature	• Kalpakjian, Schmid, Werner, Werkstofftechnik • Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design • Meyers, Chawla, Mechanical Behavior of Materials • Rösler, Harders, Bäker, Mechanisches Verhalten der Werkstoffe
626-0012-00L	Bioengineering For the Focus Biomedical Engineering this course is strongly recommended to be chosen among the Electives.	W	4 credits	3G	S. Panke, J. G. Snedeker
Abstract	An introduction to biology for engineers: basic biochemistry, cell metabolism (principles of energy and mass transfer in cellular systems), cell biology (structure and composition of cells, transport processes across cell membranes, growth and reproduction of cells), cellular and molecular biophysics, quantitative tools used in bio- and biomedical engineering
Objective	Students that already posses an engineering background will be exposed to a broad introduction of fundamental concepts in the fields of biology and chemistry. Focus will be given to aspects relevant to research and development projects in the fields of biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, or biomedical devices. The course will highlight technically exploitable elements in biology and chemistry, to provide the basic understanding and a necessary vocabulary for interdisciplinary communication with biologists / biotechnologists.
Content	Basic biochemistry, cell metabolism (principles of energy and mass transfer in the cell, biocatalysis and enzymes, cellular respiration, protein synthesis, regulation), cellular biology (structure and composition of cells, transport processes across cell membranes, growth and reproduction of cells) , introduction to biotechnology tools and applications of molecular and cellular engineering.
Lecture notes	Lecture slides and supporting material made available for download on ILIAS.
Literature	NA Campbell, JB Reece : Biology, Oxford University Press; B. Alberts et al : Molecular Biology of the Cell , Garland Science; J. Koolman , Roehm KH : Color Atlas of Biochemistry, Thieme-Verlag.; CR Jacobs, H Huang, RY Kwon: Introduction to Cell Mechanics and Mechanobiology, Garland Science;

Engineering Tools The Engineering Tools courses are for MAVT Bachelor’s degree students only.
Number	Title	Type	ECTS	Hours	Lecturers
252-0862-00L	Engineering Tool: Modelling The Engineering Tool-courses are for MAVT Bachelor’s degree students only.	W+	0.4 credits	1K	M. Schwerhoff
Abstract	This course provides an introduction to modelling, i.e. the representation of real-world entities and systems in computer programs. Basic modelling techniques will be introduced and illustrated, and students will apply these techniques in small projects, by modelling parts of systems such as a lift or a railway network.
Objective	Students develop an intuition for modelling the essential aspects of simple applications from their field. They learn how to transform such a model into a computer program.
Prerequisites / Notice	Lecture Series Informatik 252-0832-00L or equivalent knowledge in programming with C++. Engineering Tool: Advanced Programming with C++ is recommended, but not mandatory. Work on a programming project. Course can only be taken if the programming project is executed and submitted. If no solution to the programming project is submitted, the course is considered failed ("drop out").

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